rtGovOps: A Runtime Framework for Governance in Large-Scale Software-Defined IoT Cloud Systems The ongoing convergence of cloud computing and the IoT gives rise to the proliferation of diverse, large-scale IoT and mobile cloud systems. Such novel IoT cloud systems offer numerous advantages for all involved stakeholders. However, due to scale, complexity, and inherent geographical distribution of such systems, governing new IoT cloud resources poses numerous challenges. In this paper we introduce rtGovOps, a novel framework for on-demand runtime operational governance of software-defined IoT cloud systems. To illustrate the feasibility of our framework and its practical applicability to implement and execute operational governance processes in large-scale software-defined IoT cloud system, we evaluate our approach using a real-world case study on managing fleets of electric vehicles.